3 new abstracts with DXL Calscan from the ASBMR 26th Annual Meeting.
Updated reference database for DXL Calscan - New study in the Journal of Clinical Densitometry.
Study of 2384 young men indicates that physical activity is the strongest predictor of bone mineral density in young Swedish men
The research was carried out during mandatory testing of young men for selection to military service. During the years 1998-2000 roughly 95% of the male population aged 18-20 years attended this test, making the systematic selection of every 5th conscript from this cohort highly representative of the total population of young men in Sweden. The results have been recently published in the medical journal, Osteoporosis International, volume 21, issue 3.
Täby, Sweden – Bone density scans of young Swedish men indicate that physical activity during childhood and adolescence is the strongest predictor of bone mineral density (BMD) in young men.
The 2384 male military conscripts were classified into groups based on previous physical activity. The groups were: always inactive (268), ceased to be active (575), Exercise 1-5 years (456), Exercise 6-10 years (470) and Exercise >10 years (615). There were no significant differences in age, height, or weight between these 5 groups.
After adjusting for age, height, weight, calcium intake and smoking, adjusted BMD in the calcaneus was significantly higher in subjects with the longest activity duration, i.e. >10 years. BMD was lowest in the “always inactive” group and became progressively higher in every group based on their increasing levels of past physical activity. The authors add, “In order to elucidate whether the association between physical activity and BMD was mediated by muscle strength or physical capacity, we included these characteristics in our regression analysis. Muscle strength did not markedly attenuate the association between physical activity and BMD. This result suggests that it is the physical activity-induced gains in muscle strength that results in bone mass gains.”
Bone scans were performed using the DXL Calscan bone densitometer (Demetech AB, Sweden). The authors point out that, “Calcaneus BMD, measured with Calscan has been demonstrated to be highly correlated with BMD values of the spine, hip, and forearm. Calcaneal BMD has also been demonstrated to be a good predictor of fracture risk in postmenopausal women.”
An interesting point the authors present in their conclusion is that BMD was shown to be significantly higher in men who had “ceased to be physically active” compared to those who were “always inactive”. This suggests that physical activity during our growth years confers a lasting positive effect on bone density and supports the idea that physical activity is especially important during childhood and adolescence for the formation of strong bones.
About the study
The authors of the article are: U. Pettersson, Sport Medicine Unit, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University; M. Nilsson, D. Mellström and M. Lorentzon Center for Bone Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Univ. of Gothenburg; V. Sundh, D. Mellström, Dept. of Geriatric Medicine, Univ. of Gothenburg; M. Lorentzon (corresponding author), Division of Endocrinology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, all located in Sweden.
About Demetech & DXL Calscan
Demetech develops, manufactures and markets systems for the diagnosis and early detection of osteoporosis. Demetech is headquartered in Sweden and was founded in 1996. Dual X-ray and Laser, commonly called DXL, is a uniquely accurate technique for reducing errors in bone mineral density scanning. The DXL method uses 3 inputs in its algorithm (2 different X-ray energies and a laser measurement) to overcome the soft tissue inaccuracies inherent to the 2-input DXA technique. DXL Calscan is the first and only instrument using DXL technology and it now has over 30 published clinical studies supporting its use in clinical practice.
Contact: John Elliott
Den 15 november publicerade Socialstyrelsen preliminära riktlinjer angående rörelseorganens sjukdomar. Inom dessa riktlinjer innefattas hur svensk sjukvård bör förhålla sig till osteoporos.
Demetech konstaterade redan innan publiceringen att de preliminära riktlinjerna inte innehåller någon metod för sjukvården att diagnostisera osteoporos (benskörhet). Vi har informerats att Socialstyrelsens faktagrupp har baserat sina rekommendationer på materialinsamling fram till slutet av 2009.
I juni 2010, dvs efter det att Socialstyrelsen hade avslutat faktainsamlingen inför framtagningen av de preliminära riktlinjerna, presenterades en vetenskaplig studie från forskare vid Karolinska Institutet (”Calcaneal BMD Obtained by Dual X-Ray and Laser Predicts Future Hip Fractures – A Prospective Study on 4 398 Swedish Women”, Brismar, Janszky, Toft, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, 2010) som visar att Demetech AB´s DXL-metod är överlägsen för att diagnostisera osteoporos.
Därför har vi nyligen varit i kontakt med Socialstyrelsen, som bekräftar att man på grund av sin egen tidsplan inte har beaktat den revolutionerande studien.
Den aktuella studien uppfyller Socialstyrelsens samtliga kvalitetskrav och kommer enligt Socialstyrelsen att bli en del av skrivningen av nya riktlinjer för diagnos efter remisstiden.
Demetech är mycket positivt till resultatet av studien och ser fram emot det arbete som nu kommer att bedrivas inom Socialstyrelsen.
Täby den 16 november 2010
Lars Johan Johnson
VD
The VINFORCE study team from the Medical University of Vienna made an important oral presentation of their study results this month at the prestigious Osteologie 2009 Congress in Frankfurt. The study team is led by Prof. Heinrich Resch and Dr. Christian Muschitz. The study compared the ability of calcaneal scans using DXL Calscan (Demetech AB) and hip and spine scans using the iDXA device (GE/Lunar) to identify 131 patients verified by x-ray to have a combined total of 390 vertebral fractures, i.e. clinical osteoporosis. A control group of 399 patients without the condition allowed area under receiver operating curves (AUC) to be calculated and compared for the respective scanning sites and devices.
Results showed that the DXL Calscan scans of the calcaneus (AUC=0.70) are as effective as iDXA scans of the hip (AUC=0.69), but clearly more effective than iDXA scans of the spine (AUC=0.62), to discriminate between patients with clinical osteoporosis and the control group. In addition, when using the lowest iDXA T-score from the hip and spine results as suggested by most national osteoporosis guidelines, the AUC results became less predictive of clinical osteoporosis than if femur neck results only were used. The mean T-score for osteoporotic fracture patients was -2.67 for DXL scans, which is an osteoporotic result as expected. However the mean values for osteoporotic fracture patients scanned by DXA at total hip (-1.80), femur neck (-2.00) and spine (-2.04), unexpectedly showed non-osteoporotic results.
The conclusion of the presentation stated that DXL Calscan can be used as an effective diagnostic aid in clinical practice. The team is planning submission of the scientific article to an international medical journal later this year.
While reference curves of bone density in adult populations allow objective comparisons of bone density levels in adults, osteoporosis is not yet defined in children. However, there are strong indications that bone density in youth is an important indicator of bone health as an adult. As the authors point out, "There is evidence to suggest that the capacity of bone to adapt its mass to physical activity is greatest before puberty and it could therefore be important to measure bone status in young children." They add, "Peak bone mass is achieved during early adulthood and serves as the "bone bank" for the remainder of life and there are indications that higher peak bone mass reduces the risk of sustaining osteoporotic fracture later in life." This study examines the relationship of between bone density measurements (BMD) using the conventional DXA (dual x-ray absorptiometry, GE/Lunar, USA) of the hip, spine and total body and the more recent technique of DXL (DXA with laser, Demetech AB, Sweden) in a young population, aged 2 to 20 years.
DXA is currently used most often for measurement of BMD. DXA gives a 2-dimensional picture of the 3-dimensional bone, which makes the results dependent upon bone size. This 2-dimensional assumption makes it difficult to interpret DXA scans of children, since their bones are continually growing. In order to correct for this shortcoming, DXA with laser, or DXL, adds a laser measurement that makes it possible to measure the bone content without the influence of fatty tissues, both inside and outside of the bone.
The authors presented results with a 95% confidence level. Using DXL Calscan heel results to predict the lowest quartile results of DXA at various axial skeletal sites, revealed very high sensitivity levels for spine & hip and 1.0 (total agreement) for total body. The DXL Calscan area under receiver operating curves (AUC) was 0.96 for hip and 0.95 for spine, which is an extremely high level of agreement between the DXL and DXA results. The authors add that when comparing their results to previous pediatric studies using ultrasound scanners (QUS), ultrasound bone scans appear to have relatively low precision compared to DXL & DXA and ultrasound scans are more sensitive to environmental influences.
The authors conclude that DXL Calscan, with its low radiation dose and simplicity of use, is well tolerated by children and can be used as effectively as axial scans by DXA, to assess bone mass in a young population. The findings are significant in that the DXL Calscan heel device is less expensive, easier to operate and portable compared to the devices using the older DXA technique. The DXL also exposes the patient to less radiation than the large DXA devices and reduces this exposure even further with the pediatric research software used in this study. As results in this study are essentially the same between the machines, the DXL heel technique becomes a viable solution to an expected increase in bone density scans on children and adolescents by both researchers and clinicians.
The complete study, "The Relationship Between Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and DXA With Laser (DXL) Measurements in Children" has been published in the respected Journal of Clinical Densitometry, vol.11, no. 4, 555-560, 2008. It is co-authored by Ann-Charlotte Söderpalm, Ragnar Kullenberg and Diane Swolin-Eide, a research team affiliated with Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Halmstad Hospital and The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, all in Sweden
A new study has been published in the international journal "Annals of Traumatology and Orthopedics" by a research team led by Prof. S.S. Rodionova, founder of the Russian Osteoporosis Society and Professor of Traumatology at the Central Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics (CITO). Random bone mineral density testing was performed using the portable DXL Calscan device (Demetech, Sweden) on 2854 women who are now between the ages of 15 and 80 years. The device uses a patented technology of dual energy x-ray and laser (DXL) to better eliminate errors caused by lean soft tissue and fat in DXA devices.
The Chernobyl accident of April 1986 caused radioactive contamination to the environment in many communities in the Brjansk region of western Russia, near the Ukraine and Belarus borders. While some specific communities within this region were spared from this contamination, other communities were greatly affected. The effects of the environmental damage caused in the affected communities continue to be seen in the form of health problems for their inhabitants. This study examines the increased risk of osteoporosis and future fragility fractures in affected areas compared to control groups.
The subjects from the city of Novozybkov, a well-documented area of radioactive contamination, were compared to subjects from the city Zhukovka (also in the Brjansk region, but unaffected by contamination) and subjects from the city of Tver (northwest of Moscow and far from the contaminated area). The second control group from Tver was added to assure that subjects from Zhukovka were actually representative of a non-contaminated population, due to Zhukovka's relative proximity to the contaminated area. A comparison of the results from these two control groups showed no significant differences in the age-adjusted BMD values for women from Zhukovka or Tver. The subjects from all three cities were also verified to be life-long residents of their respective cities.
Results from the age-adjusted comparison of subjects from the non-contaminated areas to the subjects from the contaminated area were significantly different and these differences were confirmed statistically as reliable (p>0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that in women >56 years of age from the contaminated area, the decrease in bone mineral density per year was almost double that of the decrease per year from the non-contaminated areas. It was also shown that the increased risk of future osteoporosis development was mainly due to the negative influence on subjects in attaining normal peak bone mass formation at young ages. In fact, the largest differences in age-adjusted bone density were found in individuals who were around the age of 10 years at the time of the accident, i.e. in whom the process of peak bone mass formation proceeded during very unfavorable conditions. It is important to note that these unfavorable conditions for bone development also include significant changes in diet for inhabitants in the contaminated area due to the lack of access to affordable fresh foods locally.
In conclusion the authors state that widespread use of the DXL Calscan scanner could permit control of rates of peak bone mass formation in the young, allowing the formation of osteoporosis risk groups for outpatient observation and treatment if necessary. The aim would be to reduce the number of patients who develop osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in the future, when these patients exceed the age of 50 years.
This well-referenced article takes us through the limitations of current practice for identifying persons at risk for fragility fractures in the UK and suggests, as an alternative approach, the utilization of peripheral DXA devices. The author states, "As the prevalence of osteoporosis increases in an aging population, it is important that patients are not made to wait for bone assessment."
Regarding the use of the DXL Calscan device, Coe sites the example of The Centre for Metabolic Bone Disease, Royal Hull Hospitals NHS Trust, which evaluated the capabilities of the DXL Calscan (Thorpe and Steel, BJR 2006). This facility is the largest bone densitometry centre in the UK, and following the results of the study, the metabolic bone unit purchased a Calscan and now uses it effectively for triage diagnostics in the Hull area.
Traditional DXA machines are operator
dependent, with the quality of the results varying between operators. In
fact, the same patient scanned by different operators can produce different
results.
With the Calscan, the scanning site is automatically defined by advanced
edge detection software, which makes reproducibility independent from
operators. The Calscan also permits comparison with previous scans, allowing
for monitoring of the response to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical
therapy.
The new Study collection is udated with all the latest studies about DXL Calscan.
Contact Demetech for more information.
Sweden-based Demetech has been selected as the recipient of the 2007 Frost & Sullivan Award Technology Innovation Award in the European bone densitometry systems market for its proprietary Dual X-Ray and Laser (DXL) technology. This innovative system is set to fulfill the need for a technology that accurately determines bone density in a cost-effective manner.
“Due to the method used by the current standard, Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) technology, persons with very low or high fat content get distorted results, with fat error estimated to be anywhere between 10 and 40 per cent for individual patients,” notes Frost & Sullivan Research Analyst Divya B. “Demetech’s DXL Calscan solves this issue by innovatively combining a dualwavelength X-ray source with laser definition of the measurement area.” Demetech is the only company in the market with the patented DXL technology. Among the technology’s key benefits are high precision and accuracy, rapid scanning, user friendliness and affordability. “In a market characterized by the established DEXA technology, Demetech has carved a niche for itself by investing substantially in R&D activities,” observes Ms. Divya. “Through a well-established distribution network and focused marketing strategies, the company is poised to fulfill the need for affordable yet accurate technology alternatives in the bone densitometry market.”
"To be honoured 2007 Frost & Sullivan Technology Innovation Award is a proof that we have selected the best technology platform in our commitment to bring accurate and user friendly bone densitometry products to the market. The award was given to Demetech in competition with all the world's other top medical imaging companies. This shows that our strategies work well in today's very competitive markets", says Mr. Lars J.A. Johnson, Chairman and CEO of Demetech AB. "We hope our technology will contribute to an increased assessment of the bone density in the global fight against osteoporosis and that more women and men can benefit from accurate bone density measurements to prevent future fractures", adds Mr. Johnson.
Alf Svensson, the popular former party leader of kd, has submitted a motion to the Swedish Parliament calling for a national campaign to prevent fractures and suffering. With an estimated 450,000 Swedish citizens suffering from osteoporosis, Svensson calls for a mandatory investigation of all fractures and falls by the elderly, as is now required in Great Britain. Svensson notes that no region in Sweden offers routine bone density testing to persons in high-risk groups. Many elderly patients come to primary care facilities with forearm fractures. After being fitted with a cast, they are sent home without even having a bone density scan, which is very easy with today’s technology. Svensson proposes that a bone density scan should also be included in the general heathcare plan for all women who have gone through menopaus.
Prof. Olle Svensson states that the lack of preventive care for fragility fracture patients has reached scandalous proportions in Sweden. His clinical study team from the University of Umeå has uncovered that 40% of all osteoporosis related fractures are repeat fractures for the same patients who have already experienced a fragility fracture. This means that 28,000 of the total 70,000 fragility fractures per year could be prevented if patients had access to early diagnosis and preventive care for those at risk. According to Prof. Svensson, "If this was coronary care and repeat heart attacks were occurring, there would be a revolt!" Fragility fractures cost the Swedish state €500 million annually according to the study. Svenssons team presented these study results at a large international conference in the USA. The study also found that 20% of the patients accounted for almost 40% of the fractures. The most likely fracture site for any patient’s 2nd fracture was the hip – the site associated with the most suffering, mortality and cost to society. Preventing these repeat fractures should be the highest priority and the fact that almost nothing is being done is a scandal, according to Svensson. Svenssons own team in Umeå scans all patients over 50 years with suspected fragility fractures with DXL Calscan. By only keeping the patients with previous falls and fractures under preventive care we could reduce the number of fractures by 20% with untold savings in both patient suffering and the healthcare budget.
This study was performed at the Metabolic Bone unit of Royal Hull Hospitals in the United Kingdom. This facility is the largest bone densitometry center in the United Kingdom. After evaluating the capabilities of DXL Calscan, the Metabolic Bone unit decided to purchase DXL Calscan for their own use in managing osteoporosis in the Hull area. Some of highlights of the article follow:
-
“The DXL Calscan is well suited for use in the management of post-menopausal osteoporosis.”
-
Use of the derived lower threshold provides a 90% confidence that the patient would be found osteoporotic by spine and hip, with almost all the remainder severely osteopenic by spine or hip.
-
By placing the DXL Calscan in a clinical triage setting and using the diagnostic thresholds arrived at in this study, the DXL Calscan would itself be able to diagnose over 63% of all scanned patients and would refer only 37% for axial DXA scans, according to the best estimate of this study.
-
Use of the DXL Calscan in a triage role as an adjunct to an established DXA service could bring substantial benefits to both patient and healthcare providers.
-
“The DXL Calscan proved convenient, easy to use and was stable over time and within a range of operating temperatures.”
-
Long term in vitro precision was CVRMS 0.73% while precision in vivo on 67 duplicate patient scans was CVRMS 1.19%.
-
The effective radiation dose to the patient was <0.1 µSv per scan.
-
The DXL Calscan measures bone density at the heel, where there is a higher proportion (95%) of the more metabolically active trabecular bone. This suggests that this site is more sensitive to mechanisms affecting bone metabolism. Together with the advantage of the Calcaneus being a weight bearing bone, DXL Calscan scans of the Calcaneus should better reflect the changes occurring at the spine and the hip than at other peripheral sites.
The study named "The DXL Calscan heel densitometer: evaluation and diagnostic thresholds" of J A Thorpe MSc, BSc1) and S A Steel MSc, BSc1) is published and available online at The British Journal of Radiology, 79 (2006), 336-341.
Physicians in Varmland County Sweden created an effective and comprehensive osteoporosis management system using only limited economic resources and 5 units of a heel pDXA device called DXL Calscan. By assembling a multi-disciplinary team of primary care physicians, orthopaedic surgeons, nurses, internists and physiotherapists, this system is so effective that some health officials believe they will save money over time. The system is not a screening approach as all patients had risk factors for osteoporosis before they were suggesting for bone density testing. Several studies have suggested that risk factors and the selective addition of bone mineral density testing (BMD) is effective in finding patients for assessment of osteoporosis and that efficient use of this method could prevent up to 25% of all fractures.
The DXL Calscan unit was selected according to the authors because, “Prospective studies have shown that bone mineral density measurements of the heel bone have a high predictive value for identifying patients who are at risk of sustaining fragility fractures. This high predictive value is valid for both hip fractures and fractures at other sites (Marshall et al. 1996) Several studies show that the Calcaneus is the most effective site for predicting spine fractures (Vogel et al 1988; Black et al 1992).”
The study named “Comprehensive osteoporosis management with easy access to bone mineral density measurements)” written by Ragnar Kullenberg PhD (1), Bengt Hansson MD (2), Rolf Sandberg MD (3) and Hans Dahlberg MD (4) is published in the scientific journal “Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice” available online at Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Swedish company Scanflex International AB, a leading provider of state-of-the-art imaging systems for orthopaedic surgery and products for personal radiation protection has completed the acquisition of Demetech AB.
“As a company, we have been focused on expanding our business within equipment for orthopaedic diagnosis and treatment,” says Lars Johan Johnson, Chairman and CEO. “Demetech´s products fit perfectly in our product portfolio and we have every expectation that this acquisition will strengthen our leadership position in a growing market.”
"I'm excited seeing Scanflex as a new owner. The combination of Demetech and Scanflex ensures the company's success and further development," says John Elliott, Director of Sales and Marketing at Demetech.
Demetech will continue to sell their products through their already established distribution partners world-wide.
About Scanflex International AB
Stockholm Sweden based Scanflex International AB is through its subsidiaries Scanflex Medical AB and Swemac AB a leading provider of imaging equipment for orthopaedic surgery and products for personal radiation protection. The products are well known for their innovative design, high quality and ease of use. With manufacturing facilities in Sweden and Switzerland the products are sold world wide through a network of distribution partners.
About Demetech AB
Demetech AB, also based in Stockholm Sweden develops manufactures and markets systems for the diagnosis and early detection of osteoporosis. DXL, Dual Energy X-ray and Laser, is the proprietary patented technology that gives superior reliability through unsurpassed accuracy and precision. DXL Calscan is the first instrument based on this technology.
Info: PDF - Info word.
For more information please contact:
Lars Johan Johnson
Chairman and CEO
Scanflex International AB
Tel:+46 8 555 79 200
e-mail: info@demetech.com
www.scanflex.se
www.swemac.se
www.demetech.se
DXL Calscan – New study in the Journal of Clinical Densitometry
DXL Calscan showed very good results in a new study named “Dual X-ray and Laser Absorptiomentry of the Calcaneus” published in the scientific Journal of Clinical Densitometry, vol. 7, no. 3, 349-354, 2004. The study performed at the University of Siena, Italy, included 20 osteoporotic women (age 65.7 +/-8) and 20 nonosteoporotic women (age 61.5 +/- 9). The WHO guidelines where used to classify osteoporotic and nonosteoporotic women. The WHO classification was based on T-scores from DXA measurements of lumbar spine (L1-L4). The study also included a total body measurement for each patient. The DXL Calscan was highly correlated to total body BMD (r=0.88, p<0.01) and lumbar spine BMD (r=0.77, p<0.01). The sensitivity and specificity for DXL Calscan, compared to measurements from L1-L4, were 70 respectively 80%. The data showed that DXL Calscan provides a convenient method of measuring skeletal BMD with some advantages over axial BMD; indeed, it is easy to use, transportable and performs fast scanning with a minimal dose of radiation.
Contact Demetech for more information or visit: Journal of Clinical Densitometry
Three new abstracts were presented at the ASBMR 26th Annual Meeting in Seattle, USA.
T. B. Brismar*1, C. Nyberg*2, H. Salminen*3. 1Centre of Surgical Sciences, Division of Radiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, 2Läkarhuset Hötorget, Stockholm, Sweden, 3Centre for Family Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Presentation Number: SA105
L. I. M. Toft1, T. B. Brismar*2. 1Merck, Sollentuna, Sweden, 2Center for Surgical Sciences, Division of Radiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Presentation Number: SA101
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate: if the device was tolerated by young children, if BMD could be measured by good precision and related to height weight and body mass index and to create reference data. The DXL Calscan was modified for children with a lower absorbed dose (<0.12µSv). 110 strictly healthy Swedish children (49% boys, 51% girls, mean age 4.3 years) were included. The intra-individual CV measured by 2 repeated measurements on 26 subjects was 6.53% for BMD. The mean BMD was 0.22 g/cm2. No significant difference was found between girls and boys. BMD was significantly correlated to weight, weight SDS and height. BMD was not correlated to BMI or foot length. In conclusion, the measurements were easily performed and well tolerated by these young children. This is the first study to present normative data for BMD and BMC in the calcaneus in 4year old children by DXL Calscan.
A new study named “Reference Database for Dual X-Ray and Laser Calscan Bone Densitometer” is published in the Journal of Clinical Densitometry vol. 6, no. 4, 367–371, 2003. The database was obtained from 993 healthy women and 459 healthy men in a population from Sweden. Inclusion criteria were: healthy Swedish Caucasians, 15 to 85 years of age for women and 19 to 85 years of age for men, no history of osteoporosis treatment, no use of corticosteroids for more than 3 months, and no extended bed rest. The young adult reference mean BMD for women was found to be 0.483 ± 0.062 g/cm2 and for men 0.556 ± 0.074 g/cm2. The age-adjusted odds ratio was 3.7 for a history of fracture among women aged 50 years and over, comparing subjects with a 1-SD reduction in bone density to subjects with a bone density above this value. The DXL Calscan device used for the study was compared weekly against a heel bone phantom. The precision of these measurements was 0.5%. The in vivo precision was 1.2%, as assessed by duplicate measurements on 35 healthy individuals (mean age 52 years, range 25–72 years).
The scientific collection is updated with newly published studies about DXL Calscan.
Contact Demetech for more information or download, as a PDF-file, from: The scientific collection.
A new
study "Influence
of smoking and oral contraceptives on bone mineral density and bone
remodeling in young women: a 2-year study" is published
in Contraception (3), by C. Elgan (1), A-K. Dykes (1) and G. Samsioe (2).
The objective
of the study was to explore the influence of menstrual irregularities, oral
contraceptives and smoking on bone mineral density (BMD) development and
bone turnover with time. Among
smokers, BMD level decreased during a 2-year period and smoking was
associated with a larger negative change in BMD. Use of oral contraceptives
moderated the negative impact of smoking. Women using oral contraceptives at
baseline and with regular bleeding induced by contraceptive pills had a
significantly higher BMD at baseline and at follow-up. They also had lower
SOC than women who had natural regular bleedings. Use of oral contraceptives
in combination with smoking was linked to high alcohol consumption and
higher frequency of self-reported body weight reduction, which reduced the
negative BMD change in this category. DPD level and difference were strongly
associated with estrogen influence. It is concluded that smokers without OCs
had a negative BMD development and BMD in young women with irregular
menstruations seems to be improved by OC.
The study was made with
the first generation of DXL Calscan.
The study was performed at the University of Kuopio in Finland.
Contact Demetech for more information or visit http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0031-9155/48/12/305/
A new study "Bone mineral density and lifestyle among female students aged16-24 years" is published in the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, by C. Elgan (1), A-K. Dykes (1) and G. Samsioe (2). The study was made with the previous generation of DXL Calscan and showed a very good reproducability.